Persistent Foreign Exchange Pressures Remain

Egypt continues to face significant foreign exchange challenges, with external debt rising to $161.2 billion and a debt-to-GDP ratio of 44.2%. These pressures impact import costs, repatriation of profits, and overall business confidence, affecting international investment strategies.

Trade Policy Uncertainty and FTA Utilization

Ongoing trade negotiations, particularly with the US and India, create uncertainty for exporters. Only 54% of eligible Thai exporters use FTA benefits, prompting government efforts to streamline certification, diversify markets, and expand mutual recognition agreements to enhance trade resilience.

Energy Transition and Nuclear Expansion

South Korea’s commitment to build two new nuclear reactors by 2038 reflects a strategic pivot toward clean energy and carbon neutrality. This policy shift impacts energy-intensive industries, investment in renewables, and long-term infrastructure planning.

Critical minerals and rare earth push

India is building rare earth mineral corridors and magnet incentives (₹7,280 crore) to cut reliance on China (over 45% of needs). Tariff cuts on monazite and processing inputs support downstream EV/renewables supply chains, but execution and permitting remain key risks.

Semiconductor Industry Policy Overhaul

South Korea passed a landmark law to strengthen its semiconductor sector, establishing a presidential commission and special funding. The law aims to secure technological leadership in AI chips, centralize support, and incentivize regional development, directly impacting global tech supply chains and investment flows.

High rates, easing cycle

The Central Bank kept Selic at 15% and signaled potential cuts from March as inflation expectations ease, but fiscal uncertainty keeps real rates among the world’s highest. Credit costs, consumer demand, and project IRRs remain sensitive to policy communication and politics.

Real Estate Liberalization and Mega-Projects

Recent legal reforms allow foreign ownership of land and property, sparking global investor interest. Mega-projects like NEOM and the Red Sea Project, combined with digitalization and AI-driven innovation, are transforming the real estate sector and urban infrastructure landscape.

Record Export Growth Driven by Chips

South Korea’s exports surged 34% year-on-year in January to $65.85 billion, led by booming semiconductor demand for AI servers and memory chips. This export momentum, especially to China and the US, underpins economic resilience but faces risks from protectionist policies and supply chain disruptions.

US-Taiwan Strategic Trade Integration

A new US-Taiwan trade agreement lowers tariffs to 15% and commits over $250 billion in bilateral investments, especially in semiconductors and AI. This deepens economic ties, boosts exports, and enhances Taiwan’s role in trusted supply chains.

Outbound Investment and Global Capital Flows

China’s record trade surplus is fueling outbound private investment, with over $1 trillion flowing into global markets. This trend increases China’s influence in international finance but raises risks of sudden capital reversals and global market volatility.

Regional Diplomacy and Trade Policy Uncertainty

Israel’s diplomatic maneuvering—balancing US, Egyptian, and broader regional interests—creates a fluid trade policy environment. Ongoing negotiations over border management, reconstruction, and security arrangements introduce unpredictability for cross-border trade, investment flows, and multinational business strategies.

EU Green Deal and CBAM Impact

The EU’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) and green deal policies are reshaping Turkey’s export landscape. Sectors with high carbon intensity face new costs and compliance requirements, affecting competitiveness in key markets and driving urgent green transition needs.

Shadow fleet interdictions and safety

France’s boarding of the GRINCH and allied moves to seize or detain shadow‑fleet tankers signal a shift from monitoring to physical enforcement. Aging, falsely flagged ships elevate spill, detention and force‑majeure risk for shippers, insurers, and terminals.

Cross-Border Trade and Supply Chain Complexity

France’s integration into the European battery value chain means used batteries frequently cross borders for reuse or recycling. Regulatory divergence, logistics, and certification requirements create both risks and opportunities for international supply chain participants.

Giga-project recalibration and procurement risk

Vision 2030 mega-developments exceed $1 trillion planned value, but timelines and scope are being recalibrated as oil prices soften and execution scrutiny rises. About $115bn in contracts have been awarded since 2019, yet suppliers face more selective, longer procurement cycles.

Supply Chain Resilience and Nearshoring

Canadian policy emphasizes strengthening domestic supply chains, especially for critical minerals and EVs, and leveraging nearshoring opportunities. Investments in infrastructure and technology aim to reduce vulnerabilities exposed by global disruptions and geopolitical tensions.

EU partnership deepens market access

Vietnam–EU ties were upgraded to a comprehensive strategic partnership, reinforcing the EVFTA-driven trade surge (two-way trade about US$73.8bn in 2025) and opening new cooperation on infrastructure, cybersecurity, and supply-chain security—supporting diversification away from US/China shocks.

Supply Chain Disruptions and Humanitarian Restrictions

Israeli restrictions on aid organizations and border crossings, especially at Rafah, have disrupted humanitarian flows and supply chains. New registration requirements and ongoing security measures complicate logistics for international businesses and NGOs, raising operational and reputational risks.

Snap Election and Policy Uncertainty

Prime Minister Takaichi’s snap election on February 8, 2026, introduces significant policy uncertainty. Key campaign issues include fiscal stimulus, tax cuts, and defense spending, with the election outcome set to shape Japan’s economic and regulatory environment for years, impacting investor confidence and market stability.

IMF-Led Economic Reform Momentum

Recent IMF engagement and disbursement of $1.2 billion have driven fiscal discipline, tax reforms, and macroeconomic stabilization. While these measures boost investor confidence, they also entail stringent conditions affecting trade, investment, and operational flexibility for foreign businesses.

US Sanctions and Export Controls Expansion

Recent US sanctions target Iranian officials, financial networks, and entities involved in human rights abuses and illicit oil trade. These measures extend to third-country actors, increasing legal and reputational risks for international firms and complicating global financial transactions.

Financial compliance, post-greylist tightening

After exiting FATF greylisting and EU high-risk listing, regulators are tightening AML/CFT oversight. The FIC is moving to require richer geographic and group-structure disclosures for accountable institutions, increasing compliance workloads, KYC expectations and potential enforcement exposure for cross-border groups.

Digital infrastructure and data centers

A proposed 20-year tax holiday plus GST/input relief aims to attract foreign data-center and cloud investment, targeting fivefold capacity growth to 8GW by 2030. Multinationals face opportunities in AI/5G ecosystems alongside evolving localization, energy and permitting constraints.

Infrastructure Safety and Regulatory Scrutiny

Recent fatal construction accidents have led to the suspension of major infrastructure projects and stricter government oversight. Enhanced safety standards and contractor accountability are now central, potentially causing project delays and raising operational risks for investors.

Climate shocks and heat stress

Flood reconstruction and increasingly severe heat waves reduce labour productivity, strain power systems and threaten agriculture-linked exports. Businesses face higher continuity costs, insurance constraints and site-selection trade-offs, with growing expectations for climate adaptation planning and resilient supply chains.

Trade Policy Shifts and Bilateral Agreements

A forthcoming US-Indonesia trade agreement could quadruple bilateral trade, offering tariff exemptions for Indonesian commodities and US access to critical minerals. However, the deal’s structure and alignment with industrial policy will determine whether Indonesia can achieve balanced, sustainable trade growth.

Regulatory Reform and Investment Climate

Recent regulatory reforms, such as risk-based licensing and automatic permit issuance, aim to streamline business processes and boost investor confidence. These changes, involving 18 ministries, are designed to reduce bureaucratic delays and improve Indonesia’s competitiveness for foreign direct investment.

Digital Economy and Financial Innovation

Thailand is advancing digital finance, with the SEC set to regulate crypto ETFs and futures, and hosting the 2026 IMF–World Bank Meetings. These moves aim to position Thailand as a regional financial hub, attracting fintech investment but also requiring compliance with evolving regulations.

USMCA renegotiation and North America risk

Rising tariff threats toward Canada and tighter USMCA compliance debates are increasing uncertainty for autos, agriculture, and cross-border manufacturing. Firms should map rules-of-origin exposure, diversify routing, and prepare for disruptive bargaining ahead of formal review timelines.

Stagnation in Russian Oil and LNG Output

Despite sanctions and attacks, Russia’s oil production only fell 0.8% in 2024, but LNG output missed targets and long-term expansion plans are delayed. Sanctions on technology and finance hinder energy sector growth, affecting future export capacity and investment opportunities.

US-China Trade Decoupling Dynamics

Despite high US tariffs, China’s exports have surged by reallocating supply chains through third-party countries. US efforts to reduce reliance on Chinese goods are being circumvented, impacting sourcing, pricing, and competitive positioning for international businesses.

Regulatory enforcement and customs friction

Customs procedures, standards enforcement, and intermittent import restrictions can create compliance burdens and lead-time uncertainty. Firms should anticipate documentary scrutiny, inspection delays, and evolving rules for controlled goods. Robust broker management, classification discipline, and local warehousing reduce disruption risk.

Semiconductor and Technology Autonomy Push

Japan is investing heavily in domestic semiconductor capacity, notably through Rapidus, to achieve self-sufficiency in advanced chips. This strategic pivot aims to reduce reliance on Taiwan and China, strengthen economic security, and attract global investment in high-tech manufacturing and R&D.

Infrastructure Delays Challenge Competitiveness

Major infrastructure projects, such as the Fehmarnbelt tunnel, face significant delays and cost overruns. Persistent issues with transport and logistics modernization threaten Germany’s long-term competitiveness and the efficiency of European supply chains, impacting international trade and investment.

Regulatory Modernization and Governance Reforms

Recent legal and regulatory reforms, including GST rationalization and the repeal of obsolete statutes, have improved ease of doing business. Streamlined compliance, dispute resolution, and investment protections are enhancing India’s business climate, supporting both domestic and international investors.

Foreign Direct Investment Surges Amid Reforms

FDI in Saudi Arabia rose 10% to $280 billion by Q3 2025, reflecting regulatory reforms and incentives targeting $100 billion annual FDI by 2030. The Kingdom’s efforts to attract long-term foreign capital are reshaping ownership, partnership, and market entry strategies for global investors.